Oral History Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Oral History - Term Paper Example After Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait on august 2nd 1990, the United Nations Security Council responded by calling for Iraq’s withdrawal from Kuwait on August 3rd. After Iraq had failed to comply with the United Nation’s Security Council directives, the board responded on august 6 the same year through imposing a worldwide ban relating to trade with Iraq. Iraq failed to relent on its objective or hinder to the warnings imposed and on august 8, the same year, it formally annexed Kuwait. The invasion of Iraq and subsequent threat it posed Saudi Arabia, considering it as the world largest oil producer, prompted the United States (U.S) as well as western European allies to send troops to Saudi Arabia with an aim of deterring any possible attack. Other Arab nations among them Egypt, contributed by sending forces to the region. The military build up gained from the U.S, its western allies and other countries won a name operation desert shield (Gregory, 2010). After these cou ntries had ganged to defend other nations from the arrogant behaviours shown by Iraq, Iraq strengthened its military base in Kuwait through increasing the number of military to almost thirty thousand troops. The UN Security Council declared an offensive action against Iraq on 29th November if Iraq will not withdraw its forces from Kuwait by mid-January 1991. On 16nth January, 1991, the allied forces began a military offensive against Iraq with the U.S leading a massive air campaign that lasted throughout the war. Continued attacks remained the order of the day with sustained aerial bombardments regarded as Operation Desert Storm. Within the first few weeks, the aerial attacks and adequate ground cover became successful in destroying Iraq’s air defences and consequently launching attacks on communications networks, weapon plants and government offices among other essential structures of the Iraq’s government. By mid-February, the focus of the attacks

Short Answer 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Short Answer 2 - Essay Example Apart from sexual harassment, female workers usually do not get much appreciation from the managers even they show more dedication to their jobs as compared to men. For example, if in a meeting a female employee raises an issue, she doesn’t get attention from the manager but if the same issue is raised by a male employee, the issue is given importance and steps are taken to solve the issue. Such laws should be made which should protect the rights of women in any workplace. Such laws include right to get promotion, right of expressing the point of views, and protection against sexual harassment. Another way to promote equality is by eradicating the factor of discrimination from the job interviews. This can be done by hiring the candidates based on their skills and abilities instead of gender. â€Å"Although many laws have been passed to stop discrimination against women in the workplace there are still barriers to overcome in job interviews† (Craine). If I was a woman Staley worker, I would have shown an extraordinary and notable enthusiasm in order to stand against the opposing forces. I would have gotten involved in the union’s struggle in order to build consciousness all across the country regarding a need to show workers’ resistance and stand up to the employers’ concessions demands. One of the lessons which can be concluded from the experience of Staley workers is that workers should never give up the struggle or show nervousness in any kind of difficult situation. Staley workers had a good cause of building consciousness among the workers in order to show resistance to the demands of concessions but the strategy was not well planned which didn’t let them exactly achieve what they desired. Out of all the injustices and problems regarding women, sexual harassment is the most egregious one because it not only creates discomfiture for women but

Visiting Lochaber, Scotland

Visiting Lochaber, Scotland The Lochaber area of Scotland supports a wide diversity of flora and fauna within its varied habitat, the importance of this biodiversity and the conservation of it is recognized at national and international level. It is an area that is rich in many species of wildlife and has a wide and varied habitat with coastal grasslands such as Machair, which is unique only to the west coast of North Sutherland and the Western Isles. The Atlantic Oak woodlands and peat bogs are arguably the best examples of their kind in Europe. Habitats within the Lochaber area are endowed with an abundance of wildlife and natural native woodlands, moorland, grasslands, fresh water rivers and Lochs and unique marine coastal zones. The ecosystems and habitats are very diverse making for a complex interplay between the geology, topography and climate. Lochaber is very rich with rare plant life such as Drooping Saxifrage, Diapensia and Arctic Sandwort, there are also many scarce lichens and bryophytes. Wildlife in mountainous areas includes Mountain Ringlet butterfly and other rare insects. There are Mountain Hares, Ptarmigan and substantial bird of prey populations, with exceptional numbers of breeding Golden Eagle, there are also Sea Eagles breeding in Lochaber. Lochaber is renowned for its geological features many of which are of international, national and regional importance. This is a classic area for the study of the rock formations which are associated with the Caledonian mountains belt and the well-known volcanic activity associated with the opening up the North Atlantic. Well before the ocean opened the Caledonian mountain range stretched continuously from Svalvard, through Norway, the British Isles and through Greenland to the Appalachian range in North America. The geology in Lochaber is unique among Geoparks in having records involving both ancient plate collision and the rifting apart of the plates. Ben Nevis and Glencoe within the east, magmas formed by melting beneath the Caledonian range during the process of subduction giving rise to super caldera volcanoes. Rum and Ardnamurchan and lavas of Eigg and Morvern with in the west, rifting apart of plates, triggered by the up-rise of a hot plume from the Earths mantle producing the internationally renowned volcanic centres.ÂÂ   Lochaber Geology. Retrieved March 8 2017 from http://lochabergeopark.org.uk/about-us/lochaber-geology/ During the last Ice Age the final shaping of the Lochaber landscape took place, there are many interesting examples of features relating to glacial action, classic examples are the Parallel Roads of Glen Roy, the shorelines of a large temporary lake held back by a glacier, they became world famous by the rivalry and controversy between Charles Darwin and Swiss geologist Louis Agassiz.ÂÂ   The Parallel Roads of Glen Roy and Glen Cloy Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) is of outstanding importance for its range of Quaternary and fluvial geomorphology features. Lochaber Geology. Glen Roy. Retrieved March 9 2017 from http://www.snh.org.uk/pdfs/publications/geology/glen%20roy.pdf Lochaber is known as The Outdoor Capital of the UK, the area happens to cater for a huge variety of outdoor pursuits, either on land, in the air and in the water, this gives the opportunity for all sorts of outdoor adventures in some of the most dramatic and beautiful locations in Scotland. Lochaber has some of the highest mountains in the country and this draws both visitors and locals into the hills in all seasons to climb or walk. Lochaber also draws many mountain bikers from the United Kingdom and around the world to compete in the Mountain Bike World Cup (UK round) or just to ride on the numerous trails Lochaber has to offer, many of which cater for all abilities. The Nevis range and Glencoe both have ski centres providing excellent off piste skiing, the ski centres usually open between Christmas and April depending on snow conditions. There are a lot more winter sports in Lochaber besides downhill skiing, ski mountaineering is popular with visitors and locals, then theres snowboarding which is becoming very popular. Water sports are also very popular in Lochaber with a good community of local paddlers, most popular is river canoeing in many of the fast flowing rivers, sea kayaking in Loch Linnie is also very popular. Another popular form of canoeing is open canoeing or Canadian canoeing in slow moving rivers and fresh water lochs. The Highlands of Scotland are exceptional for country pursuit destinations that offer visitors outstanding sporting experiences amongst stunning dramatic landscapes. Lochaber is no exception, Highland Shooting Estates and open countryside offer a wide variety of country sports such as fishing and deer stalking, however this can come into conflict with wildlife conservation groups and if not managed properly cause problems with other outdoor activities such as birdwatching and hill walking. In the 1930s skiing was established by keen local skiers, it then died down during WW2 and post war years. In 1968 the economic potential of outdoor leisure activities was recognized and in 1974 a planning report was produced and sponsored by the Scottish Tourist Board with the great prospect of winter sports resorts being developed in Scotland.ÂÂ   Fort William and several other areas in Scotland eventually developed these sites into all year round outdoor tourist destinations. During the construction phase of these sites much consideration was made to avoid any environmental impact, planning constraints and controls were put in place to protect the environment. Buildings were designed to be camouflage within the vegetation, no heavy machinery was used in the construction of the site so helicopters were used to transport materials for low impact on the fragile environment during development. History of Nevis Range. Retrieved 10 March 2017 from http://www.nevisrange.co.uk/history.asp Skiing facilities are used almost throughout the year, infrastructure, such as the gondola at Aonach Mor which carries more summer visitors than skiers, the chairlifts and the ski centres cause a visual impact within the mountain scenery, but they also enable easy access to the magnificent panoramic views. However, such facilities create pressures on the vulnerable mountain landscape, because of this the chairlifts at Aonach Mor are closed during the summer to reduce impact to the sensitive hilltop vegetation and to allow recovery time. The establishment of such ski resorts regardless of how much consideration is given to the environment will eventually have negative impact. Scottish mountain habitats are already threatened from a wide spectrum of threats and disturbances and ski resorts is one of them. It is well known certain activities can cause problems with wildlife by harming their habitat, damaging vegetation and compacting soils. Ptarmigan are already declining due to several decades of too much human interference, collisions with lift cables and losing their nests to non-mountain wildlife predators such as sea gulls, crows and even rats which have moved into the area due to human activity attracting them. The combined effects of conifer plantations, windfarms, mountain bike trails, dirt roads and isolated buildings to cater for outdoor recreation may diminish the potential to experience natural landscapes which seem untouched by man, this is the biggest threat to the Lochaber area, yet such remote areas are priceless escapes into beautiful mountainous places. The conservation and management of semi-natural habitats, such as heather moorland, ancient woodland, sand dunes, bogs and marshes is vitally important to maintain and enhance natural biodiversity, however this is poorly managed in places. Such habitats also make an important visual contribution to the landscape, but because their economic value cannot always be perceived, they are under constant pressure from all aspects of landscape change from man. Over the last 30 years there has been a significant increase in hill walking and climbing in Lochaber, necessitating improved footpaths and other facilities for walkers, where these are not provided considerable erosion has occurred, such as in Glen Coe. This presents problems particularly at popular routes and large numbers of people can become a visual impact in their own right. These problems are most marked at Ben Nevis, which is subject to wear and tear from thousands of walkers, tourists and climbers throughout much of the year. However, erosion has also occurred along the stalkers paths in the Mamore Forest, in the hills around Glen Coe and in Knoydart. The use of mountain bikes has increased in recent years and this activity without proper control, may have significant adverse impacts on the landscape. The majority of cyclists keep to forest tracks which are promoted and managed for this purpose and this limits damage to particular routes, for example, along the West Highland Way which is very popular with cyclists.ÂÂ   However, other paths, especially hill tracks, are also used both by cyclists and by trial bikers, this already presents problems of footpath erosion and this pressure seems likely to increase. With almost everyone owning a car these days, better public transport services, the ever growing population in Scotland and the rest of the UK, large car parks at the start of many mountain walks, mountain biking routes the erosion problems on our stunning mountain landscape is only going to get worst in the coming years. Conclusion Lochaber is unique place with its geological features and natural almost untouched habitats, however with the increase of outdoor adventure activities increasing there has to be real safeguarding management in place to protect the natural environment we hold so dear. References Forestry Commission Scotland [online] Available at: http://scotland.forestry.gov.uk/images/corporate/pdf/nevis-forest-and-mountain-resort-masterplan.pdf [Accessed March 11 2017] John Muir Trust [online] Available at: https://www.johnmuirtrust.org/trust-land/ben-nevis [Accessed March 9 2017] Lochaber Geo Park [online] Available at: http://lochabergeopark.org.uk/ [Accessed March 8 2017] Nevis Range [online] Available at: http://www.nevisrange.co.uk/ [Accessed March 10 2017] Outdoor Capital [online] Available at: http://www.outdoorcapital.co.uk/ [Accessed March 11 2017]

The World Trade Organization Where It’s Been and Where’s It’s Going? Es

The World Trade Organization Where It’s Been and Where’s It’s Going? Since the start of trade in the United States and around the world there has always been a need for rules and regulations. The GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) was the one for the past century that dealt with issues that would arise they wrote rules on things that were acceptable and not acceptable in the trade arena. Out of the GATT came the World Trade Organization (WTO) that was designed to take care of more issues than GATT. Although the WTO has only been around for almost a decade it has come under criticism from almost all arenas. They have had issues brought to their table that have been hard decisions and now have issues they must deal with that could affect the way free trade is in the future. Countries have battled amongst each other as how to solve a problem such as The Beef Hormone Case, The Shrimp Turtle case and the Caribbean Banana Case. These were case that will be discussed later, but have set a kind of foundation for the WTO as to where they will b e headed in the future. Agriculture has become a hot issue in the international market and the WTO is still trying to find ways to accommodate the developed countries and develop further growth in the developing nations. The World Trade Organization is also stepping into new territory and the future is no exception. The World Trade Organization The World Trade Organization was developed in 1995 out of what was known as the Uruguay Round. Although GATT set rules they mostly dealt with issues just involving simple trade of goods and the distribution of tariffs. The WTO has a more broad job than the GATT; â€Å"†¦it oversees multilateral agreements relating not just to good, but... ... the job that they were made to do under the GATT regulations. The future will tell a lot about the WTO and free trade because so many things are brought to the table that eventually the World Trade Organization is going to need some form of help to make adequate decisions for the world. BIBLIOGRAPHY Diao, Xinshen, Terry Roe and Agapi Somwaru. â€Å"Developing Country Interests in Agricultural Reforms Under the World Trade Organization.† American Journal of Economics v.84, n3 (August 2002): 782-90 Irwin, Douglas. Free Trade Under Fire. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2002. Josling, Tim. â€Å"Key Issues in the World Trade Organization Negotiations on Agriculture.† American Journal of Agricultural Economics v.85, n3 (August 2003): 663-667 Working Group on the WTO/MAI. â€Å"A Citizen’s Guide to the World Trade Organization† (July 1999): 1-28

Mining Group Gold Process Essay

Mining Group Gold Process Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the present, organizational success is based on participative and collaborative team building among the engaged individuals. The ostensible continuous impulsion is the driver of success and ensures the establishment of team works within a group as well as adoption of strategies that are in line with a projects goals, objectives, mission and vision. In fact, teams of individuals in an organization have something that acts as the success motivator and the desire to achieve is instilled into them through the creation of significant meetings within the departments. Some of the individuals for the very first time join as new group members while others joined earlier into high performance groups. All this happen along with the issues of proper planning and effective management is the issue of improvised work assemblages that indeed are placed together to accomplish some of the specific activities in the shortest way possible. Essentially, for the success of an organizational group, regular departmental meetings are normally called on for frequently on regular basis, either weekly or monthly (Whyte, 1997). The set expectations and perceptions that lead to the taking up and initiation of these meetings are that for success to be realized a common reached consensus must be undertaken. In this case, the Mining Group Gold method plays the most important role in facilitation of such meetings.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Mining Group Gold is a group process as well as a meeting management method that is build upon a sole purpose. That is, the process is based on influencing the collective wisdom, ideas and experience of each individual in a group in order to build on their abilities and improve on the overall meeting process as well as improving on the process of creating general organizational decisions (Cassidy & American Society for Training and Development, 1999). The method was developed in the year 1995. Nevertheless, the method was developed to assist individual teams and groups to maximize and capitalize on their joint effort in a decision-making event. The method is based on several steps that were developed in the 1995 by Kayser. Kaysers’ Steps to Mining Group Gold   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In his creation of the Mining Group Gold an endeavor to facilitate effective meeting management, Kayser suggested that every meeting should start with a clear purpose or agenda for discussion. Kayser argued that every meeting has a purpose of either sharing some information or discussing an agenda. In other words, at this step entails the process of outlining the basic objectives and laying down the aims of the meeting prior to the allocation of responsibilities t be observed during the meetings course. The first step creates a foundation for the establishment of the second step. Most importantly, the second step is concerned with the predictable results of the meeting by the stakeholders in the meeting. Essentially, the desirable results are written down and serve as the guiding principles as well as the framework under which the meeting is controlled. Moreover, the third step is concerned with the allocation of responsibilities; that is the facilitator, the timekeeper, the overseer and the scribe. The individuals quoted above serve as the controllers of the meeting and are responsible with keeping the meeting’s agenda rolling (Whyte, 1997). In Mining Group Gold process, the fourth step is the step of setting of the agenda, which is a wide-ranging statement of the chief objectives of the meeting, and it is the step that connects the objectives of the meeting with the anticipatable results. The last and the most significant step is the step concerned with the organization and allotment of time for each agenda. Inherently, the Mining Group Gold is a process that is very effective for all and in all types of proceedings of a meeting. In fact, the process encourages efficient facilitation and management of meetings (Cassidy & ASTD, 1999). Steps for dealing with emotions during meetings   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the course of a meeting, there are well set steps that assist in dealing with emotions when meetings are in progress. The first step that plays a vital role is concerned with the creation of a moment of silence to create room for relaxation. During the moments of silence, individuals are given a chance to reflect on the probable consequences of letting such emotions control them hence cooling down to the positive extreme. The second step involves writing down the emotions in form of objectives because they can be used later to create teams empowerment foundation. The third step involves the facilitator whereby he or she asks every member to read out what they have written. The fourth and the last step is the step of mining of the supplementary information that arises from what has been written (Xerox Corporation, 1985). Lastly, the way forward is established to significantly improve teamwork hence empowering the group members alongside nurturing an effective communication. My opinion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In my own opinion, if the Mining group gold is effectively implemented, it will critically improve the welfare of the team members promoting team work as well as fostering empowerment and effective communication. This is because of the process’s ability to create like-mindedness and its nature of encouraging unity of direction. Finally, because the Mining Group Gold upholds objectivity by eliminating subjectivity it creates a collective purpose for any meeting session hence determining the outcomes. In conclusion, the Mining Group Gold is an effective method because it deals with expressive astuteness. References Cassidy, M. F., & American Society for Training and Development (ASTD). (1999). Group decision-making. Alexandria, VA: American Society for Training & Development. Whyte, W. F. (1997). Creative problem solving in the field: Reflections on a career. Walnut Creek: AltaMira Press. Xerox Corporation., & Xerox Corporation. (1985). Mining group gold: A guide providing facilitation techniques, tips, checklists and guidesheets. Rochester, NY: Multinational Customer and Service Education. Source document

How Poverty in Zimbabwe Has Changed over Time? Essay

Poverty can be understood as the inability to meet a variety of basic needs and entitlements, through a lack of income, access to resources or empowerment. Poverty at a national scale is complex and is caused by an array of factors including many generated within the country but also others that are caused by external factors (figure 1). I will examine the internal and external causes of poverty in the landlocked Southern Africa state of Zimbabwe (figure 3). In the last century Zimbabwe has experienced massive economic and social change. Once Africa’s 2nd biggest economy, it is now ranked 15th(figure 3). Overall Zimbabwe ranks 173rd in the world in terms of HDI (Human Development Index), 153rd in the world for GDP and ranked 5th in the world for the lowest life expectancy[1], indicating significant poverty especially when compared to the relative developmental success of other southern Africa states (figure 5). When considering levels of development, countries can be placed on Rostow Stages of Economic Development[2], the majority of countries move up the stages from experiencing economic growth. However Zimbabwe has slipped back down the Stages of Development; early 1970 it was experiencing ‘take off’ & ‘acceleration’ however in recent years it is now at ‘pre-development’ (see figure 4), a ‘step back’ in economic growth development. An external cause of poverty in Zimbabwe is the geographic position. They are a landlocked country; they have no access to the seas for trading, limited border crossings and they are dependent on other countries for trade (figure 6). This leads to huge transport costs and inadequate infrastructure, on average a country which is landlocked experiences 60% less volume of trade plus it limits their economic growth and this external factor is a major cause of poverty[4]. Also, Zimbabwe has experienced severe drought in the past few years, it only has 8.32%[5] arable land and climate change is threatening to lessen their available land further. Arguably, these effects are already being observed in regions of Zimbabwe as the physical climate of the country has changed largely over the last three decades with the worst drought being experienced in 1991. However in recent years failure of the 2004-2008 rains reduced crop production by an estimated 95%, this has impacted heavily on Zimbabwe’s productivity, reducing both commercial trade to earn income and subsistence poverty. In years of severe drought the GDP growth was negative indicating a shrinking economy (figure 8), such unreliability of production limits their growth (figure 5). The unreliability of their economy stems from the external factors which also lead to national scale poverty through a lack of income, and an inability to meet basic food security needs which Maslow includes at the very base of his Hierarchy Of Needs (appendix 2), therefore pushing huge sections of society into poverty. Despite this geographical and climate disadvantage, I feel that poverty in Zimbabwe was serverly exacerbated as a result of political policy, this internal factor has had greater effect on the extent and depth of poverty experienced. In 2000 Robert Mugabe seized thousands of white-owned farms in an ongoing and violent campaign to reclaim what they say was stolen by settlers[6]. The land reform had a massive impact on Zimbabwe’s food production; in 2005 they were ranked 177th out of 182 compared to South Africa (Zimbabwe neighbouring country) who are 82nd (figure 3). This portrays a massive problem as South Africa share the same climate and land features but are completely in the opposite spectrum in terms of food production. The land reform in 2000 led to the breaking up of farms, two thirds of the farms were given to ordinary people on low-incomes. The remaining one-third included civil servants (16.5%), former workers on white-owned farms (6.7%), business people (4.8%) and members of the security services (3.7%)[7] (figure 6). Arguably, these effects have been caused due to the loss of the commercial white farmers, they knew how to produce high yields along with the high quality and most importantly they knew how to add value to their goods. I believe the impact of the land reforms is evident in the food crisis 2007-08 due to the land seizures, in some areas crop production reduced by 95%. Not only did Zimbabwe lose a large section of its agriculture sector, it diminished its community cohesion and provision of services throughout communities across the country (appendix 1). It lost its community support network and witnessed a mass exodus of its economically active society, causing intellectuals to le ave the country causing brain a drain and further undermining income earning potential. The land reform campaign in 2000 was also thought to have contributed to the AIDS epidemic; over 33% of the population are HIV positive (3rd largest in the world). As farming communities were disrupted, the economy deteriorated and many doctors left the country causing reduced access to healthcare. Many farmers were forced to move to different areas and in some cases families were separated, this resulted in sexual networks developing and an increase in the risk of HIV transmission. In 2009 the HIV prevalence in adults aged 15-49 was 14.3% causing the most economically active age group to have limited income earning opportunity as illness made work more difficult to continue causing income poverty (appendix 1).This is compared to South Africa where 15-49 prevalence was only 7% in 2009. Foreign companies are also reticent to invest in a country with such an unreliable workforce, again causing GDP limitations and national level poverty. But internally controlled land reforms would never have been needed but for the external factor of the apartheid regime established by Ian Smith who was president of Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) from 1964. Britain who had colonised parts of central Africa, wanted to keep hold of Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) because it was known as the bread basket of Africa, they believed it had great potential[8]. However Ian Smith declared independence under white minority rule, sparking international outrage and economic sanctions. Additionally he completely radicalised the farming community when he introduced apartheid. He evicted the numerous black farmers and put the fewer white famers in control of the huge hectares of land because they were commercial farmers and knew how to produce high quality and high yields[9]. This led to a division between poor blacks and wealthy white people causing inequality and an increase in relative poverty. This eventually led to civil war and resulting in Ian Smith being over thrown by the British Government in 1979; Robert Mugabe was elected as the new prime minster in 1980. His chaotic attempt to eradicate the apartheid regime ultimately ended up in a land redistribution campaign, which began in 2000 and caused an exodus of white farmers, crippled the economy, and ushered in widespread shortages of basic commodities. The economy of the Zimbabwe shrunk by 154.4 (figure 8). Although it could be argued that this is an internal factor as governance is part of the domestic jurisdiction of the country meaning that changes and alterations to policy and leadership should be internally controlled, in the case of Zimbabwe, these factors cannot be separated. Governance in Zimbabwe was controlled externally via colonial rule, and even after the decline of colonialism, for a significant period, the leader of Zimbabwe was externally decided and was the case of the appointment of Mugabe. It is undeniable that the internal governance of the country under Mugabe has been of paramount importance with regard to affecting poverty in Zimbabwe on a national scale such as failure to act despite everything going wrong, for denial of HIV, and ignoring of land reforms impacts on productivity, lack of free speech so intellectuals leave causing brain drain. His reign can be summarised as; life expectancy in fell from 62 years in 1990 to 36 in 2006[10]. He has been accused of policy myopia many times. From all the information and statistics described in this report it can be concluded that internal factors have had the most devastating effect on Zimbabwe as a whole, such as the land reforms which led to a spiral of decline for the country, especially as it could have been avoided. The devastation of the land reforms is still being felt in certain parts of Zimbabwe today; the loss of intellectual people will be the hardest to recover from for Zimbabwe. They are the group of people what will promote economic growth and re-stabilise the economy. They attract investment from Trans National Companies for their knowledge and their enterprise; they act as a multiplier effect for an economy. However this will take generations to re build. External factors of poverty such as their geographic location and climate have had impacts such as restricting them in trade and production. But comparison with neighbouring countries such as South Africa indicates they significantly outperform Zimbabwe. This leads us to believe internal factors have had a great impact on causing poverty in Zimbabwe (figure 4). However, as has been shown it is impossible to separate internal and external factors completely as they feed into one another. A challenging collection of external factors such as climate, location and in particular colonial legacy under Ian Smith, created a situation where poverty was a real danger. However post-colonial, strong and positive governance could have reduced poverty. Unfortunately in Zimbabwe, Mugabe’s regime exacerbated the poverty situation. Once in poverty, you’re in a vicious cycle of decline (poverty trap[11]). The poverty you’re in prevents you from getting out, it counteracts you from taking positive actions[12]. As a result of high unemployment figures and a spiral of decline for the economy, those who had been educated left the country in hope for a prosperous future. This can be referred to as the ‘brain drain’[13]. ———————– [1] Zimbabwe facts https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/zi.html [2] http://www.talktalk.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0097893.html [3] http://hdrstats.undp.org/countries/data_sheets/cty_ds_NAM.html [4] http://www.palgrave-journals.com/ces/journal/v45/n4/full/8100031a.html [5] http://www.wordtravels.com/Travelguide/Countries/Zimbabwe/Climate [6] http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14113618 [7] http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-11764004 [8] http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14113618 [9] http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15919538 [10] http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/23/opinion/23iht-edmugabe.1.19632133.html [11] http://tutor2u.net/economics/content/topics/poverty/measuring_poverty.htm [12] http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/documents/BPEAEndingAfricasPovertyTrapFINAL.pdf [13] http://www.globalissues.org/article/599/brain-drain-of-workers-from-poor-to-rich-countries

Essay on Several Different Papers

Essay on Several Different Papers Essay on Several Different Papers Essay on Several Different PapersThe introduction of the new product, like mp3 player, involves the marketing research which has to be conducted to determine prospects of the new product and elaborate the marketing strategy which is the most efficient for the particular product in the particular market environment. in this regard, two methods of research may be applied, the primary research and the secondary research which are quite different and therefore can be applied for different purposes.The primary research is normally conducted to identify the target customer group and conduct the study of the target market, customer behavior and other issues relevant to the first introduction of the new product, such as mp3 player.The secondary study is grounded on the data obtained in the course of the primary study and allows conducting the in-depth analysis of the target market and customer group (Breneman Taylor, 2006). In contrast to the primary research of the market, when the company conducting the research does not have any evidence-based data and has to make sheer assumptions about the market potential, the secondary research involves the use of the data that has been already collected by the company about the target market.In such a way, the results of the secondary research and its findings are more reliable and accurate, whereas results and findings of the primary research prepare the ground for the further secondary research. At the same time, the primary research is essential to determine the general marketing strategy and the concept of the new product, its positioning and further policies that the company will conduct to promote its product successfully.At the same time, another important distinction of the primary and secondary research is the source of data collected in the course of either study. The primary search focuses on the data collected within the company mainly and aims at the revelation of potential directions for its further business deve lopment (Masterson Picton, 2004). For instance, the primary research concerning the development of the new mp3 player will involve the study of the company’s potential and capability to launch the production of the new player, including the study of the production facilities of the company, its research and development activities, the readiness of employees to start the production of the new mp3 player and other factors that may affect the marketing policy and marketing plan of the new product.In this regard, the secondary marketing research relies on more extensive data obtained not only in regard to the company manufacturing the new mp3 player but also other companies, for instance, rivals, which manufacture the same or similar products, suppliers and other companies and stakeholders. The secondary research focuses on the detailed study of the competitive position of the company and the behavior of the target customer group. As customers are concerned with the quality and reliability of the new product, they are likely to set high requirements that the new mp3 player should match. In such a situation the analysis of the information concerning rival products may be helpful. The secondary research may involve the use of diverse information, such as the analysis of statistical information issued by government agencies, such as statistics on the level of income in target areas or spending of consumers within the definite timeline.Therefore, the primary and secondary researches are both important but they should be applied respectively to goals of the marketing research, which the company wants to achieve.Week 4 Market research planThe introduction of the new lip balms for men and women will need conducting the primary research to find out the target customer group accurately and find out their inclinations and preferences to make the new lip balms successful. In this regard, the primary research will be effective because it will involve the collection of primary data from primary sources. In this regard, the involvement of such tools as surveys, focus groups and interviews will be the most efficient because these tools allow involving the potential target customer group into the study to find out how participants of the study respond to the introduction of the new lip balm (Masterson Picton, 2004). Focus groups may be divided on the ground of gender as well as they may be mixed but data collected from men and women should be processed separately because their responses are likely to be different and they comprise two different groups of customers, who may need different marketing strategies.Focus groups will help to find out whether there is such difference, the extent to which the difference is significant and other important details. At the same time, focus groups should be balanced that means that if focus groups include both men and women, then the number of men and women should be close to avoid disparity in the representatio n of the viewpoint of either men or women.In this regard, the introduction of surveys into the study may also be helpful because the research may utilize a set of clear questions that help to find out expectations and reaction of men and women on the new lip balms as well as their customer behavior. For instance, questions concerning the frequency of using lip balms can help to forecast the potential consumption of the lip balms by men and women respectively.Interviews will also help to collect the concise information about the target customer group and their possible reaction on the introduction of the new lip balms. Moreover, the use of interviews will complement findings made after the completion of survey and work in focus groups. For instance, interviews will help to find out more detailed information and personal opinion of participants of the study about the new product. In such a way, the research will provide the extensive information on the target customer group, their pre ferences and give insight into features which the new product should have to reach the target customer group. For instance, if responses of men will be totally different from that of women, then the company should consider the possibility of launching two products under one brand for men and women to position it according to expectations of each group of customers.Hence, the primary research will help to obtain detailed information on the customer response to the introduction of new product but this information may be subjective (Masterson Picton, 2004). This is why the research should be enhanced by the analysis of the experience of other companies that means the use of the secondary research method to complement the primary one. The analysis of similar products and the customer behavior in relation to them will help to find out the extent to which data collected in the course of the primary analysis were accurate.Essay on Several Different Papers part 2

Drugs in sports

Drugs in sports Abstract Drug use in sports has gained momentum in the recent past. The drug is used for performance enhancing (Coe, p. 224). Different sports have set up laws that are used to curb drug doping. Sports personalities use drugs to gain an advantage over the others. Performance enhancing drugs have been used in the Olympics by different people. For example, Thomas Hicks won the marathon after using strychnine.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Drugs in sports specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the use of stimulating substances was banned in 1928 by the International Amateur Athletic Federation (Hartgens, p. 513). Although the ban was instituted a long time ago, athletes still use drugs to enhance performance. In 1976, East Germany nearly won all the swimming gold medals after the players were given steroids (Longman, p. 124). There is a debate about whether to allow drugs to be used in sports or impose a total ban. The proponents of this debate argue that drug use alone does not guarantee success in the field. A magnificent performance is a combination of proper nutrition and practice. However, this is not true because some drugs enhance the performance of an individual. Drug usage in sports should be banned because of its effects. These effects include; it provides an avenue for some athletes to cheat, it compromises the credibility and integrity of the results and it is illegal (Coe, p. 224). Introduction A drug is a natural substance that is taken to alter the general body functions (Wilson, p. 180). Drugs are used for several purposes. The nature in which a drug is used depends on the purpose of the drug. It can be used for; curative, stimulating, performance enhancing or as food. People consider any substance to be a drug based on the existing culture or legislature. Some traditions consider some drugs as food. Laws have been established about drugs based on the effects of the drug in th e body. It is illegal to use a drug that has been prohibited by a government or any organization. However, some drugs have been prohibited but can be used in the treatment of patients. Additionally, some drugs can be taken without the knowledge of an individual. In such a case, the drug is found in a substance that is taken as food. Using drugs to boost performance should be banned because it makes the sport lose its original intended meaning and it also causes several environmental and health problems (Hartgens, p. 513). Drugs should be used in sports Performance enhancing drugs should be allowed to be used in sports. Drugs that enhance performance satisfy the expectation of spectators watching games. People expect to watch a unique ability in the sports personality. This is made possible through the use of drugs because it gives an athlete the ability to demonstrate sports creativity.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Many fans watch athletes with the expectation to watch unique traits in the athletes (Wannamethee, p. 163). This makes the sport to become interesting. It is difficult to display a unique trait that is different from the human traits without the influence of performance enhancing drugs (Longman, p. 124). The major expectation of the fans is players to demonstrate creativity during the game. Therefore, many people consider a competition to be fair if all the players are allowed to use the drug. Here, all the players will have the same effect of the drug and the best will come out based on his creativity. It is upon the players to manipulate the drug through excellent training to obtain the best results (Wannamethee, p. 163). Technology has been introduced into sports. All people around the globe are comfortable with the use of technology in sports and disregard drugs. Technology is a result of creativity in the sports. Since the gen etic make up of athletes is the same, drugs would not provide an advantage over other players (Warburton, p. 78). Performance enhancing drugs have been used in other aspects of the human life. For example, many classical musicians use drugs to enhance their performance on stage. An excellent classical presentation requires a proper control of the pulse rate and blood pressure (Russell, p. 442). The musicians use the beta blockers to enhance the stage performance. A low pulse rate and blood pressure contributed by the beta blockers reduces the effects of stress and this gives the musician confidence to exhibit a sterling performance (Brantigan, p. 90). An outstanding stage performance is the expectation of the classical music fans. Using drugs to enhance a stage performance does not give the musician an advantage over others. It depends on the human creativity and practice (Brantigan, p. 90). Drugs should not be allowed in sports Drugs should not be allowed in sports because it provi des an avenue for some athletes to cheat (Haugen, p. 67). The doping process for athletes is not accurate. This gives some athletes who use the drugs an added advantage over those who do not use the drugs (Haugen, p. 67). The doping process is not used in all games. Therefore, there is no level playing field for the players. Consequently, a total ban on the use of drugs to enhance performance should be instituted to ensure that all the players have been given a level playing field. Players who use drugs and win competitions are not the genuine winners. Although other people argue that a level usage of drugs will make the players level in the field, the actual performance in the field does not reflect the potential of the player. A total ban on drugs in all sports gives a level playing field that reflects the exact potential of the players (Longman, p. 124).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Drugs in sports specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Additionally, different players from different countries have varying abilities to access the drugs. Therefore, if the drugs should be allowed, athletes from developing countries will not access the best drugs. The only way to have a level playing field for all players is through a total ban on the drugs in sports. Integrity in sports is the driving force behind the sports events. Using drugs by a section of players compromises the credibility and integrity of the results (Wilson, p. 214). To maintain credibility and integrity, drugs should be banned. Other players win after using drugs that have been prohibited. Here, the integrity of the results is compromised. The results obtained as a result of using prohibited drugs are illegitimate (Warburton, p. 78). Also, they lack authenticity. The spirit of any competition is to allow for a level playing where every player is given an opportunity to express his ability. A winner in such a competition is accepted by al l the fans around the globe. When a winner is declared after using drugs, the value of the sport is reduced. Therefore, the value of the sport remains a major issue in any sport or competition. Additionally, good personalities are expected to be role models (Browne, p. 497). Using drugs is prohibited and illegal. Allowing athletes to use drugs is itself an act of breaking the law. Good role models should obtain success through hard work and determination as opposed to using drugs (Browne, p. 497). In conclusion, drug use in sports should be based on the purpose of the drug. When the drug is used to enhance creativity, then it makes the sport interesting. However, these give the athletes a competitive advantage over the others. As such, the natural ability of the athletes is not properly rewarded. Although drugs make sports interesting, it makes the sport’s lack integrity. Additionally, drugs make the results of a competition to lack integrity and lose value. Additionally, dif ferent players from different countries have varying abilities to access the drugs. Therefore, if the drugs should be allowed, athletes from developing countries will not access the best drugs. The only way to have a level playing field for all players is through a total ban on the drugs in sports. The best way to ban using drugs is through a global organization. This institution should be equipped with excellent doping mechanisms to ensure that all the players are screened properly before participating in a competition. In addition, drug use in sports should be banned because of it adds a competitive advantage, and causes severe effects to the users. These effects include; it provides an avenue for some athletes to cheat, it compromises the credibility and integrity of the results and it is illegal.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More References Brantigan, C 2005, Effect of beta blockade and beta stimulation on stage fright, American Journal of Medicine, vol. 5. no. 72, pp. 88–94. Browne, A 2009, The ethics of blood testing as an element of doping control in sport, Journal of Medical Science Sports, vol. 3. no. 31, pp. 497–501. Coe, s 2004, We cannot move from strict liability rule, The Daily Telegraph, 25 Feb, p.21. Hartgens, F 2004, Effects of androgenic-anabolic steroids in athletes’, Sports Medical Journal, vol. 9. no. 34, pp. 513–554. Haugen, K 2004, The performance-enhancing drug game, Journal of Sports Economics, vol. 4. no. 5, pp. 67–87. Longman, J 2004, East German steroids’ toll: ‘they killed Heid, Oxford University Press, New York. Russell, G 2002, Effects of prolonged low doses of recombinant human erythropoietin during sub maximal and maximal exercise, European Journal Applied Physiology, vol. 30. no. 86, pp. 442–449. Wannamethee, G 2004, Haemato crit, hypertension and risk of stroke, J Intern Med, vol. 23. no. 235, pp. 163–168. Warburton, C 2007, The Economic results of prohibition, Columbia University Press, New York. Wilson, B 2004, Hall overcomes cancer, then red tape to reach Olympics, Associated Press, London.

Analysis Of George Orwells 1984 English Literature Essay

Analysis Of George Orwells 1984 English Literature Essay â€Å"George Orwell’s was born in India, the second child of Richard Wellesley Blair and Ida Mabel Limonzin. In 1904 Orwell moved with his mother and sister sngland, where he attended Eton. His first writings Orwell published in college periodicals. During these years Orwell developed his antipathy towards the English class systems.† (Blair, â€Å"George Orwell† P.2) In 1922 Orwell began to experience what life was like, when he went to Burma to server in the Indian imperial police he began to understand the types of government that dictated the views of many societies such as the imperial rule which led to his resignation as assistant superintendent. After his journey in Burma, Orwell returned to Europe but he was poor and had no money, no college degree and thus couldn’t find any job or anyone to help him financially. In order to understand society better Orwell attempted to get himself arrested as a drunk one night in order to get a better understand o f life in prison, which would perhaps give him an inside into the human mind about exactly what makes a person do a crime and how their psychology changes once they go to prison. This helped him focus his efforts when he wrote 1984 because he explores how a socialist world controlled by big world and allows the thoughts of the main character (Winston) to be able to be read by the audience. The most important part of his life that affected 1984 the most was when in 1930 Orwell decided to adopt socialistic views. â€Å"He fought alongside the United Workers Marxist Party militia and was shot through the throat by a Francoist sniper’s bullet† (Blair, â€Å"George Orwell† P.3) During chaos when Stalinists captured his friends he luckily escaped, the war made him a strong opponent of communism as an advocate of the English brand of socialism. Orwell also opposed a war with Germany, but he condemned fascism and during World War II he served as a sergeant in the Home G uard and worked as a journalist for the television broadcasting company BBC. His first satire titled The Animal Farm was perhaps the wittiest novels ever published were not only was there humor, but there was also a strong scent of hate towards the Russian revolution. This let him to 1984 which was a very bitter protest against the nightmarish future and corruption of the truth and free speech of the modern world. Orwell’s life not only created a masterpiece of works that sound like something that would happen in real life, but for his time he had an amazing imagination for constructing a world controlled by one man, and were no one could be trusted and the life of the party depended on the corruption of historical documents and lying to the people. Main Characters: Winston Smith: Winston is the novels protagonist. He is thirty nine years old and works in the Ministry of Love correcting historical errors. Smith has an ulcer on his leg which prevents him from walking long dist ances as that irritates it and causes pain. He also dislikes the party, and hopes to find someone who shares his enthusiasm for finding a way to liberate his people from the dictatorship of Big Brother. Winston truly believes that he could save the world from the Big Brother party and puts himself in peril by joining O’Brien and at the novels resolution is betrayed, loses his beloved Julia and ends loving Big Brother and the party. His aspiration is was to be able to change what the party has done to the world and be able to live freely without oppression.

Design evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Design evaluation - Essay Example In the United Kingdom today copper is a popular material used for facades, roofs and other external building elements on some of the most exciting modern designs. But this has not always been so. Historically, copper roofs several hun ¬dred years old can be seen on many British city skylines, although usually limited to churches, civic buildings and other important structures. During the twentieth century, copper roofs became more widely used for ordinary buildings – although many were of little architec ¬tural quality. Unfortunately, poor de ¬tailed design and installation techniques resulted in technical failures and the material fell out of fashion until the 1980s. Then, the copper industry intro ¬duced modern installation techniques to the UK – including the long-strip meth ¬od – and launched a promotional cam ¬paign to make architects aware of cop ¬per as a thoroughly modern architectural material. This ‘Copper in Architecture’ cam paign continues today.(Article by Tom Woolley in Sustain magazine, vol 3 no 3) It highlights the ability for copper sheets to be easily formed to suit any three-dimensional shape, making it a suitable weatherproof covering for virtually any external surface including roofs of all pitches, vertical cladding, gutters, soffits and even sculptural elements. Architects now recognise that it is one of the few materials that can offer complete mate ¬rial continuity and real freedom of form in architectural design.

FMLA Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

FMLA - Research Paper Example Significance, Function and Benefits i. To shun discrimination against female workers. ii. Employers must have 50 workers in their workplaces for implementing FMLA. iii. Leave must be approved for any worker that has worked at least 1250 hours in the previous 12 months. iv. The law requires that the employee should be restored to her previous status v. The aforesaid laws benefit a lot to those workers who qualify for leave. c. Court Rulings of FMLA i. case of Mitchell v. Chapman, USA (2003) ii. case of Darby v. Bratch (2002) iii. case of Cantley vs. Simmons (2002) iv. case of Coleman v. Court of Appeals of Maryland (2010) III. Conclusion FMLA advantageous for employees as it allocates them their health care rights. Family Medical Leave Act (FMLA) Introduction The  Family Medical Leave Act  came into being in the year 1993 to strike a balance between the employers and the employees in a scenario where employees have to take extended medical leaves in a serious condition which inclu des pregnancy or to take of any family members. The aims of promulgation of mentioned law is to safeguard the interest of the employees. It does not relate to pay the employee during the said period provided the employee does not otherwise have vacation in store. The eligibility of employees can be mentioned as: He or She is in the employment of an organization at least for a period of one year (not consecutive); He or She has worked at least 1250 hours during a year before leaving the current employer. The 12-month period immediately concludes before the leave; He or she works at a location where at least 50 employees are working or it is within the ambit of 75 miles (Budd & Brey, 2003). There are many advantages of FMLA. 12 weeks unpaid leave on the forward mentioned situations are given such as for newborn child of the employee, for adoption or foster care, for serious health condition of immediate family member and medical leave provided employee is unable to work due to precari ous health condition (Post & Siegel, 2003). Discussion The basic idea of introducing Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 (FMLA) is to provide assistance to employees in balancing their work and family life. The act in question provides qualified employees with two sorts of job-ensured leave a) regular leave and b) military family leave. The FMLA covers both private and public sector employers. FMLA leave in general considered unpaid leave. Historically, Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) came into limelight twenty years back when Mr. Bill Clinton, the then President sent the bill to the competent legislative body for consideration (Aitchinson, 2003).   The said act turned into law on August 5, 1993, soon after the 103 congressmen voted in favor of it. This is binding on all employers having more than 50 employees. Later on it was amended in the initial phase of 2008 during the incumbency of President Bush. The National Defense Authorization Act replaced FMLA. In accordance with the mentioned act qualified workers can avail 26 weeks of leave for a spouse, child, parent or other dependent family member to take care of the injured person from the armed forces (Budd & Brey, 2003). Significance Before promulgation of cited Acts, which later on converted into laws, to shun discrimination against female workers in the case of newly have born child. At that time, only those workers got promotion and other benefits who had given up their desire for a family. Of

E-mail spams Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

E-mail spams - Essay Example nsensus on a policy framework to tackle spam issues† (OECD., 2006, p.2) The task force on Spam was approved by the OECD and resulted in the OECD Anti-Spam Toolkit. The OECD’s drive against spam resulted in the New Zealand Department of Internal Affairs implementing the Unsolicited Electronic Messages Act 2007 (the Act), which came into effect on the 5th September 2007. The focus of this analysis is to review how far the Act has gone to implement the recommendations in Element 1 of the OECD Anti-Spam toolkit. Element 1 of the OECD toolkit on spam addressed regulatory approaches to tackle spam. Element 1 extrapolates that â€Å"the development of anti-spam legislation which tackles spam and related problems is fundamental† (OECD, 2006, p8). Moreover, Element 1 observed: â€Å"as the legal, political and cultural environments of different countries vary, there is not a global uniform approach to spam or a common definition of spam accepted at the international level. For this reason the Toolkit, rather than advocate a single approach, aims to underline decision points that need to be discussed while elaborating anti-spam legislation and examine the related policy questions† (OECD, 2006, p. 24). In order to achieve these goals, Element 1 of the toolkit proscribed that legislation should conform to four general principles, namely policy direction, regulatory simplicity, enforcement effectiveness and international linkages (OECD, 2006, p. 25). 2) Require commercial electronic messages to include accurate information about the person who authorised the sending of the message and a functional unsubscribe facility to enable the recipient to instruct the sender that no further messages are sent to the recipient; The Act further aims to encourage consistent direct marketing practices by requiring electronic messages to include an unsubscribe facility and ensure that electronic messages are only sent to customers who have consented to receiving it (New Zealand

Enterprise Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Enterprise Management - Essay Example l 2009), Sky News, UK, [Online] Available: http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/Business/British-Airways-Job-Losses-Profits-Down-During-February-Snow-As-Passenger-Numbers-Continue-To-Fall/Article/200904115255103 [April 28, 2009] 11 Brimelow P., March 2009, First a Rally, then Hyperinflation? Market Watch, New York, [Online] Available: http://www.marketwatch.com/news/story/first-rally-then-hyperinflation/story.aspx?guid={F8CFE313-144B-4CFD-9EE7-BC2F4A4B9A63}&dist=TNMostRead [April 28, 2009] 11 Krasny R., April 2009, What the Fed is considering at this weeks meeting, Reuters, [Online] Available: http://www.reuters.com/article/businessNews/idUSTRE53Q6KP20090427?feedType=RSS&feedName=businessNews [April 28, 2009] 11 The growth potential of the core companies with a country largely impacts the economy. At the same time the economic health of a country instantly affects the companies working within it. The enterprises within a nation and the nation’s economy are two inseparable entities; one affects the other. Any economic downfall thus results in the poor health of the enterprises. And if the affected economy is the largest and in the world, the ill effects of the economic downturn is dissipated throughout the countries of the world. History has witnessed on such severe economic downfall in 1929, named Great Depression. The present economic recession, termed as the Credit Crunch of 2009 is and perhaps will be more striking. Globalization has led to integration of companies all over the world. Organisations have taken a cue from the Global Commodity Chain model and went overseas, often to enjoy comparative advantages of cost. These moves have boomeranged now. Different divisions of the same company are facing problem for being based out in different countries (February Snowfall Cost British Airways  £20m, April 2009) There is a very low probability that the cash and cash equivalents of a company deposited with a bank gets dissolved. In fact banks always invest their

Artical Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Artical - Article Example Social media is commonly perceived as effective communication platform. The objective of this study was to understand the diverse role of social media, especially when it has become a common interactive platform. Through analysis of two events of social media, the researchers explored whether social media is just an online slacktivist tool for users or it actually guides and integrates people in hard times. When it is easier for a user to become part of a cause by simply signing a petition online, there is no need to get involved in the cause physically then. Social media has successfully made it easy to participate and be present. From one aspect this is a positive implication, but from another, it makes social media a slacktivist forum and not a real activist. To evaluate this perception, the study tests following two hypotheses. H2: Social media provides easy and faster means of engagement. In social media, people acquire help in no time as there are always sufficient and quick sources available to provide assistance. Social media has much larger scope of communication as people simply post for help and their message reaches to more than billion users on Facebook and twitter. For testing hypothesis, the study covers two main events in social media, Giving-Tuesday and Snowed-out-Atlanta. Giving-Tuesday refers to a day when people give charity to charitable organizations. Snowed-out-Atlanta refers to a Facebook page, which gained attention for help when snow caught whole Atlanta region, causing major trouble to the city life of the region. 16493 tweets were downloaded to see how people responded to Giving-Tuesday. Similarly, researcher downloaded 371 posts on Facebook to relate to the Snowed-out-Atlanta event. People who posted and tweeted both came out as participants of the study. Using main keywords, researcher analyzed

Mexican Drug Cartels as a Security Threat Essay

Mexican Drug Cartels as a Security Threat - Essay Example question that in recent years Mexican gangs and drug cartels have had a significant impact on the politics of Mexico through the use of political violence. According to Reuters (2010) it is the case that Gunmen working for a mayoral candidate for the PAN Party (Partido Accià ³n Nacional) in Valle Hermoso as the candidate frequently spoke out against drug abuse and the dangers of drug violence. On the other side of the political spectrum it was the case that in Nuevo Laredo in May 2010 hitmen employed by the drug cartels killed two campaigners who worked for a ‘Leftist’ political candidate and then spread printed messages warning all people of the dangers related to supporting that political candidate. According to Ellingwood (2010) the best estimate of the death toll resulting from the Mexican war on drugs is approximately 22,000. With a death toll this high there is little question that the consequences of this war on drugs are severe. It is upon this foundation that the Drug Cartels utilize not only assassination as a direct means of enforcing obedience (Insofar as they simply kill political candidates that oppose them. These drug cartels also go so far as to employ a kind of psychological warfare by using murder as a significant threat to common people for supporting candidates that are against the drug cartels ex. â€Å"Look what happened to those who supported this candidate†¦ this could happen to you!† The former and the latter both represent a kind of terrorism insofar as they are by no means isolated incidents and by completely disregarding non-combatants, and utilizing policies that instill fear into the populous they are indeed committing acts of terror. Moreover the effect is felt across the border in the United States. Much of the drug trade involves smuggling drugs across the border and any intervention from American police forces, drug enforcement agency (DEA) etc. is likely to be met

Artical Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Artical - Article Example Social media is commonly perceived as effective communication platform. The objective of this study was to understand the diverse role of social media, especially when it has become a common interactive platform. Through analysis of two events of social media, the researchers explored whether social media is just an online slacktivist tool for users or it actually guides and integrates people in hard times. When it is easier for a user to become part of a cause by simply signing a petition online, there is no need to get involved in the cause physically then. Social media has successfully made it easy to participate and be present. From one aspect this is a positive implication, but from another, it makes social media a slacktivist forum and not a real activist. To evaluate this perception, the study tests following two hypotheses. H2: Social media provides easy and faster means of engagement. In social media, people acquire help in no time as there are always sufficient and quick sources available to provide assistance. Social media has much larger scope of communication as people simply post for help and their message reaches to more than billion users on Facebook and twitter. For testing hypothesis, the study covers two main events in social media, Giving-Tuesday and Snowed-out-Atlanta. Giving-Tuesday refers to a day when people give charity to charitable organizations. Snowed-out-Atlanta refers to a Facebook page, which gained attention for help when snow caught whole Atlanta region, causing major trouble to the city life of the region. 16493 tweets were downloaded to see how people responded to Giving-Tuesday. Similarly, researcher downloaded 371 posts on Facebook to relate to the Snowed-out-Atlanta event. People who posted and tweeted both came out as participants of the study. Using main keywords, researcher analyzed

Effects of Homosexuals in Schools Essay Example for Free

Effects of Homosexuals in Schools Essay In the 19th century, a German psychologist coined the term â€Å"homosexuality†. Basically, homosexuality is often a sexual attraction that is primarily towards the members of the same sex (Pickett, 2006). Oftentimes, homosexual equates to being gay and/or lesbian. There are varying points of view regarding homosexuals and homosexuality. Many religious groups believe that there no one born as a homosexual. However, there are plenty of scientists, particularly psychologists who believe that a person is born this way. Religiously speaking, there are no supporting texts in the Bible that there are homosexuals. Only two genders are made: man and woman. Oftentimes, the greater portion of the homosexual community believe that they were â€Å"born gay† (Worthen, 2004). This belief and perspective oftentimes give them comfort and a sort-of justification for their â€Å"state†. Also, this very same ideology relieves them of any responsibility to change. Nevertheless, there is no firm scientific proof until today that affirm that some people are born homosexual. Genetically speaking, they are just either male or female (Worthen, 2004). Since there are no born homosexuals, many psychologists believe that homosexuality is a learned behavior. There are many factors or reasons why a person becomes homosexual. Primarily, most of these factors involve family. These include a disturbed family life in the early years (of the individual), absence of/in love on the part of either parent or a failure to identify with the same-sex parent. Later, the consequences of these reasons manifest in the individual in varying forms—and one of them is through confusion of their identity that oftentimes lead to homosexuality. But one thing is for sure—that homosexuality has many roots (excluding family). Along with the other factors that cause homosexuality, we must not also take for granted the individual. The individual’s choices also play a key part in transforming and shaping his (homosexual) identity. Majority of causes of being homosexual is rooted with family reasons. In such cases this immensely affects the behavior of the individual particularly in school. Majority of homosexuals that go to school instantly faces the burden of â€Å"coming out†. This is one of the hardest challenges that an individual must face. Since most of homosexuals that go to school are having identity crisis and fear of rejection from their peers (if ever they decided to come out), they have a very high tendency to have unusual behavior from â€Å"straight people†. Most of the time, (with the assumption that the individuals are mostly teenagers since they still go to school) these people is in high risk of suicide, substance abuse, the feeling of isolation and more importantly, school problems. Consequently, because of this kind of behavior, they (and it) inevitably affect their relationship with other people. Because they always need the feel to isolated, the tendency is that, they can be the frequent butt of jokes (especially in schools where homosexuality is not yet a very open and accepted topic) that will in turn can lead into more dangerous behaviors. Moreover, when things go uncontrollable, there is also a huge tendency for the individual to resort to many absurd and unsafe displacement methods (i. . substance abuse, committing crimes, etc). Because of the rising number of individuals (particularly young homosexuals) that is involved in this kind of situations, a great deal of number of individuals and concerned groups were established to help them. Most of these help lines offer counseling but more than that, they also make sure that the individual can pursue his/her way to full acceptance and if worse comes to worse, to their recovery. Before the advent of DNA technology, psychologists and sociologists believe that the cause of homosexuality is influenced by the environment of the individual; but with DNA testing, they were able to pinpoint that somehow, genes has something to do with it. But more importantly, we cannot deny the fact that from the beginning, there were only male and female; but as time pass, some strong environmental factors can bend the reality of life that even Nature herself find it hard to turn back (or at least minimize the bad consequences) time.

Importance of Planning in Childcare Environment

Importance of Planning in Childcare Environment Vanessa Clare Every child is born unique; they have their own characteristics, personalities and interest. They developes at different rates, but do follow a similar development pattern, i.e. one child may begin to walk 9 months whereas another child may not begin to walk until they are 17-18 months. There may be many factors that also come into the equation when a child is developing, i.e. If a child is born premature or at term, if the child has any special educational needs or other disabilities which a child needs extra support for, weather there has been any long or short term illness, and the environment that the child is in, this includes the Childs social environment, also stress. A Childs growth and development is influenced by their learning and their influenced by the people and the environment around them. The EYFS document Development matters show the four themes that the Eyfs underpin all guidance, these are:- A unique child + positive relationships + enabling environments = learning and developments. When planning for a child it is best to get as much information on the child as possible, ask parents for information, as they are putting their most treasured procession in the safety of your care. Observe the childs free play to find out their likes, dislikes, strengths weaknesses, where you can support the child in their learning and environment. Anylise your finding using the four themes, principles and practice from the Development matters document. This helps to find out where a child is on their learning path, consider ways to strengthen their current learning development, showing guidance from positive relationships and enabling environments so that you can plan for the Childs learning and developments to fit their needs. As a practioner you will get to know each of your key children and will find other ways to work with the child alongside their planning. By following the planning, observations, assessment triangles you gain understanding of the Childs actual stage of develo pment, their interest and their particular needs , it will stop the you from planning activates and resources that may be too hard or easy for the child, or that the child does not find interesting. Activities that are too hard can negatively affect their confidence and self esteem, as they will not feel able to do it. Activities that are too easy will not hold their attention and they will lose interest quickly. By doing the observation, analysing and planning triangle it helps constantly review the Childs progress and share with the parents as required by the EYSF at two points, the prime areas between 24 and 36 months of age and at the end of the EYFS in the EYFS profiles. The EYFS breaks down the areas of learning into prime areas and specific areas, Prime areas are fundamental, work together, and move through to support development in all other areas Personal, social and emotional development Communication and language Physical development Specific areas include essential skills and knowledge for children to participate successfully in society Literacy Mathematics Understanding the world Expressive arts and design When planning activities you need to make sure that you are meeting all the children’s individual needs and requirements so the children are all treated equally. Putting into practice the equal opportunities which are essential. Equality, the practice of treating every on equally Diversity the practice of recognising and valuing individual characteristics and differences Inclusion an approach that makes sure that all children can participate to a full extent within their environment. A worldwide document that governs equal opportunities for all children is â€Å"The National Convention on the Right of the Child† this document outlines all basic human rights that all children are entitled to. All early years setting practitoners must follow this convention and empower the children in their care. The world made a promise to children nearly 25 years ago â€Å"that we would do every in or power to protect and promote their right to survive and thieve, to learn and grow, to make their voices heard and reach their full potential.† The convention defines a child as a person below the age of 18, unless the laws of a particular countries has set the legal age for adulthood younger. Young children often don’t realise that they have rights so it is up to adults to make sure that they know that they do, one of the rights relevant is the right for all children to have their views and opinions listened to and their best interest at heart. The EYSF requires all setting providers to have implemented a policy and procedures to promote the equality of opportunity of children in their care, and show support for children with special educational needs and disabilities. This policy should also cover how the individual needs of all the children will be met. All staff should have read and have understanding of their settings equal opportunities polices. All children should be given the same concern and attention and not all treated the same as this can be discriminating against them. A setting and their staff should provide an inclusive environment as this will challenge discrimination which will help to build a positive environment where children and their families will feel respected and valued, making them want to return. The equality act 2010 replaced all existing equality legislations and is in place protect individuals from discrimination. If children are discriminated against it can cause them to become withdrawn and could affect their development by causing delays. There are many ways that children could discriminate against, a few of these are due to their gender, social class, physical appearance, race and culture, it will lower their self esteem and confidence and they will start to question their beliefs. You must treat everyone the same no matter what their gender culture etc. This does not just apply to the children but to their families too. Any one working with children has to challenge their own views and beliefs and not show any prejudices to any of the children or their families so they want to return to the setting. To make a setting welcoming to children and their families welcome signs should be in multiple languages, staff should have a smile and a positive greeting when children a nd their families enter the setting, this creates a happy environment, learning a few words in the children’s own language helps build strong relationships. Support children in their own choices, when it comes to cultural /religious celebration these should be in place whether a child of that religion / culture is in the setting or not, ask for people that are from that culture or religion to come in and help promote to a higher standard so that the children get a fuller picture of the culture / religion or festival. Help children to feel they can come and talk, encourage children to build on their unique character and feel comfortable in themselves, helping them feel positive about their background which in turn will help them gain emotional well-being. By promoting good diversity children will be more accepting of other who are different from themselves. Children trust the adults that look after them to keep them safe and love them as do their parents as they are giving their most precious prize possession to look after and keep safe and happy .part of caring for a unique child is promoting their well-being , making them feel safe and secure in their environment. Key workers are essential as a first point of contact for the unique child and their family. The key worker spends time on a one to one with the child getting to know the needs of the child supporting them as they learn to spend time without their parents, and learning all about their interest, the key worker also helps support the parent in talking to them about the routines and likes and dislikes and aiming to follow them. Setting need to be set out for the children’s age and developmental stage, making sure that the environment is appropriate and safe for the children. Staffs ratios are a legal requirement, in the age group 0-24 months the ratios are one member of staff to every three children, from 24-36 months the ratio is one staff member four children and from 36-60 the children are more independent and have a greater knowledge of their own safety so the ration is one staff member to eight children, at this age children should be given rules, boundaries and activities that get the children to listen. Road safety Stanger danger awareness to personal safety should also be introduced at this age. As children grow they can be given the chance to learn about keeping safe themselves, encourage the child in making decisions give the child the power to say no if don’t want to join in. Promoting independence is an important part of growing and learning and becoming a unique child. And environment should be set out in an appropriate manner for the child. I.e a child of 0-12 months will need the toys in reach so they can chose themselves as they become mobile the environment should be set out so resources are at the child’s height and they can get them easily. A choice of healthy snack should be offered, from 12-24 months the environment should be accessible to the child and they should be voicing opinions which should be listened too, from 24-36 months children should be choosing what they want to play with, communicating is getting better and children should be having their opinions asked and listened to they should be continuing to help set up and tidy away to promot e independence and help with children following rules and boundaries. From 36-60 months children should enjoying independent choices they should be involved in the setting playing and communicating, ask the children what they would like to play with involving them in setting out their environment, at the same time setting boundaries. Setting should following the children’s act 1989 which promotes empowerment for children, making sure that they are involved in decisions that can affect their well being. Making sure that the children’s feelings and opinions are listened to, making sure that individual needs for the children and families are met, that children have their race, culture, language and religion are valued and respected and making sure that the well-being is of paramount importance. By using all of these when working with children you come to learn that all children are unique and by meeting all of their individual needs you are making sure that they are in a happy safe environment where they can grow and learn at their own pace feeling confident at doing so with the all the love support and resources that they need to do so. By meeting the unique Childs individual needs will help the child in five of the â€Å"Every Child Matters† outcomes. In staying safe, being healthy, enjoying and achieving, making positive contributions and achieving economic well-being.

Acid Mine Drainage :: science

Acid Mine Drainage For hundreds, even thousands of years, human beings have mined for metals and stones, and with the advent of greater technology as well as greater needs, the demands for these resources continue to grow. While these resources benefit our lives in many ways, the effects of mining can be detrimental, and one such effect is the topic of this essay, acid mine drainage (A.M.D.). The causes of A.M.D. will be discussed, along with some of the physical and biological problems associated with it. Some prevention and remediation treatments will also be considered. Acid mine drainage refers to water (leachate, drainage or seepage) that has come into contact with oxidised rocks or overburden that contains sulphide material (coal, zinc, copper, lead). (Keller, 2000; U.S.G.S.; U.S.E.P.A., 2002). A common sulphide is pyrite, or iron disulfide (FeS2), and throughout this essay it will be pyrite that will be the primary sulphide considered. Acid mine drainage is not a new phenomenon, early mining techniques utilized gravity to avoid water pooling, resulting in the water becoming polluted by acid, iron, sulphur and aluminium (U.S.E.P.A., 2002). It is most commonly associated with coal mining, especially with soft coal, coal that has high sulphur content. The pyrite that is present in coal seams will be accessible after surface mining when the overlying surfaces are removed or in deep mines that allow oxygen access to the previously inaccessible pyrite-containing coal (D.E.P. 1, 1997). After pyrite is exposed to air and water, sulphuric acid and iron h ydroxide are formed, creating an acidic runoff (D.E.P. 1, 1997; 2 2002). When the water comes into contact with the pyrite, the chemical reactions that take place causes the water to increase in pH which will dissolve heavy metals which stay in solution. However, when the pH levels reach a certain stage, the iron can then precipitate out, coating sediments with the characteristic yellow, red or orange colourings (D.E.P. 2, 2002; U.S.G.S.; U.S.E.P.A., 2002). The rate that A.M.D. advances is also influenced by the presence of certain bacteria (Doyle; U.S.G.S). A.M.D that has dissolved heavy metals such as copper, lead and mercury can contaminate ground and surface water. Especially at risk are mines that are located above the water table (Keller, 2000; D.E.P. 2, 2002). The sources of water that get polluted can be surface water that permeates into the mine, shallow ground water flowing through the mine or any water that comes into contact with the waste tailings produced by mines.

Why Do Fireflies Glow? Essay -- essays research papers

Why do Fireflies Glow? Fireflies have evolved the ability to send from their abdomen as a means of communication with each other. The most important reason for the flashing is for sexual communication. Flash signals have been classified into two systems. One is where a continuously glowing female attracts a non-glowing male. The second is when a female, flashes a species-specific response to a flying male, who is broadcasting a pulsating signal. There are other functions of flashing as well, such as using their luminescence for lighting up the ground during landing and walking. Fireflies also flash when captured or confined, which is thought to intimidate predators. Males can sometimes bend his light organ forward and put it in the face of the female he's mounted, flash it, blinding her since her eyes are sensitive and adapted to darkness. She will then be unable to see rival males clearly, hindering her from communicating with other potential mates. (Lloyd, 1984a). A particular genus of firefly, Photuris, has evolved quite an interesting behavior. It has learned to mimic the mating flashes of another genus, Photinus. They have "cracked" the species-specific signal codes of their prey, using their own sexual signals against them (Lloyd, 1990). When Photinus males attempt to mate with Photuris, she eats them. This phenomenon is called either aggressive mimicry or predatory responding (Copeland, 1991). T...

The Narcolepsy Sleeping Disorder

Narcolepsy is a chronic sleeping disorder with no sure cause. The main characteristic is excessive and over daytime sleepiness, even after a good nights rest. A person with narcolepsy will usually be very drowsy or fall asleep, particularly at unappropriate times and places. Daytime attacks may or may not occur withouth any warning (This is a personal account of someone with Narcolepsy that i found on the Science News website) My problems started in the fall of 1954 when football practice began just before school started. I would be so exhausted after practice that I could barely make it ome. Upon doing so I would lay down on the floor and go to sleep. I knew that something was seriously wrong with me and there wasn't anyway that I could play football. The previous year I was a starter on the varsity team. The next ten years were very difficult for me. Doctor after doctor made diagnoses that were wrong. People around you think that you are lazy, sleep all the time, you have no interest in anything and worst of all, you begin to think you are worthless and lazy. During this ten years, I have had sleep attacks while driving a car. When I would awaken, I would have traveled 20 r 30 miles and not remember a thing. I have gone to sleep on my feet while working and standing still. I would go to the bathroom just to be able to close my eyes for a short period of time. I would use cigarettes as a timer. You can light a cigarette and slide it between your fingers down toward your palm, different lengths to adjust the time. When the cigarette burns down toward your fingers How I found out what was wrong with me! There was an article in a magazine which came with the Sunday paper. When I read the article, I immediately knew that i had found the answer to my problem. The next morning I went to the local Doctor and asked him if he had read the article. He responded that he had, but the symptoms would fit just about everyone in town. I told him he might be right, but how many people did he know have their knees buckle or lose control of their neck when they laughed, got mad, or were surprised. I asked if he would write a prescription for Ritalin. When I took my first pill of Ritalin, it was the first time I had felt any source of energy for over 10 years. I am now 61 years old and I am from a time when the workplace was very different from today. Management id not take the time, nor were they required to try to understand disabilities. If a company found out that you were a narcoleptic, they would terminate you, because they were afraid you would hurt someone else in the work place. I worked as a professional mechanic for 20 years and then worked in the gas industry on the retail level for another 22 years. I have not had an accident of any kind as a result of my narcolepsy. It seems as though subconsciously, I knew when I was in danger and would always wake up. My advice to anyone that has had a proper diagnosis as to their narcolepsy is the following. Get to know thy self, be aware and study what effects your behavior when this or that happens. Symptoms typically appear during adolescence, although the disease itself may not be diagnosed for many years afterward. The primary symptom is an overwhelming feeling of fatigue, together with sleep attacks that may occur with or without warning. About 75% of patients also experience cataplexy, a sudden loss of muscle tone lasting a few seconds to 30 minutes, but without loss of consciousness. Episodes of narcolepsy can be triggered by emotions such as laughter, fear, or anger. Other symptoms include sleep aralysis and hypnogogic hallucinations as the person wakes up or falls asleep. Some patients may also have trouble staying asleep at Recent research suggests that the cause of narcolepsy maybe involves a dead patch of cells in your brain, in dogs and mice they have found this patch of dead cells that they ahave verified causes narcolepsy to these animals. The exact cell pattern has not been identified in humans, and scientists say we may find the source in as close to 2 years with good research. Twin studies suggest that narcolepsy is not definately a genetic disease, since only 25% of the ime will both twins have the condition. The risk for a person whose immediate relative has narcolepsy is only about 1-2%. This baffles doctors because narcolepsy can show up out of nowhere, but also may run in the family, but not always. The treatment for narcolepsy usually involves taking medications to reduce sleepiness during the day and in those who have cataplexy, other medications to prevent cataplexy. The medications to prevent sleep during the day are a group of medicines called stimulants that includes Ritalin, Adderall, Dexedrine, Provigil and others. Cataplexy is usually treated with antidepressant edications that repress REM (dreaming) sleep such as Tofranil, Norpramin, Prozac, Paxil and Zoloft. Narcolepsy can be diagnosed easily when all the symptoms are present. Two tests are usually done to verify the diagnosis. These tests are usually done by a sleep doctor. The polysomnogram records your brain waves when you sleep in the night, and once you go into REM (Rapid Eye Movement) if the brain waves look the same then this helps in diagnosis. With the multiple latency test people are to do an activity they regularly do any other day and every 2 hours the doctors tell them if they feel drowsy that they should try o sleep etc. I have also read though that doctors usually wont diagnose narcolepsy easily, in many stories like the one above, people say that doctors said that they had anything but narcolepsy. Narcolepsy usually can show up as many things, doctors usually at at first call it a lack of sleep, and other times they may say that you I learned a lot from this report. Before I did this report I thought that narcolepsy was just always being tired and sometimes taking a nap during the day, but I was wrong. I think narcolepsy would be a very aggrevating and embarrasing disease.

Journal of my close friend

My Close Friend Who is that? Is that your best friend? I am sure everyone had been asked by those questions in their life. So do l. So, what it is close friend? Close friend is someone who always cheers you up in no matter what happened either in happiness or sadness. Hangout, gossiping, playing, studying, shopping, laughing, crying, and so on, all you do is together with them, your best friends. In my life, I do have a close friend. She is my sunshine. She also is my rainbow after heavy rain had passed. I laughed with her. I cried with her.She never left me, so do l. We are a best friend. Forever, I will cherish our friendship. I still remember how I met her in our first meeting. On the first day of my high school, I went to school early. When I stepped in my class, I saw someone was sleeping in the corner of my class. I got a little shocked when looking at her. For sure because I do think she might be a ghost or someone who are homeless. But somehow, I told myself to be brave, so I came near to her then I realize, she also a student, same as me. I woke her up and she is awake.She looked at me innocently with her puffy eyes. Suddenly she cried hard in front of me. I was so anxious with that unexpected scene. Did I hurt her when I woke her up? When I asked her, she told me everything. Nothing less but it was about her heartbreaking. I Just listen to her and comfort her. Although it was a little awkward since that was the first time I met her, still, I feel comfortable with her. The feeling want to be her friend were strongly linger in myself. After that, we always keep in touch and end up as a best friend. Sharing all story together.When I was in trouble, she is ready for me and I had never leave by her side when she needs me. Where is she, there is always me by her side. That is why everyone called us a twin. She is a thin girl with a sweet smile. She is so cool most of time but when something had troubled her, I easily recognized it. All of her feeling is sho wn at her beautiful face without barriers. That is why I as her only best friend will always cheer her up. I love to see her smile and her sorrow are my first thing I must vanish away. I love her, my only best friend, Siti Najihah†¦

Diabetes

Motivational Speech Proposal STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, in 2005, there were 20. 6 million cases of diabetes among people aged 20 years to 44 years; according to the American Diabetes Association in 2011, there were 25. 6 million cases of diabetes among people aged 20 years to 44 years. GENERAL PURPOSE: To persuade SPECIFIC PURPOSE: To persuade my audience to engage in walking for 30 minutes a day to prevent diabetes. CENTRAL IDEA: My audience should walk for 30 minutes a day because doing so will help them from getting diabetes and other chronic health diseases. Attention Grabber: Isolation, Denial, depression, guilt, anger, embarrassment, and dependence, these are the emotions that are experienced among people with diabetes. Vivian, a 17 year old quiet spoken girl who has gone through these emotions. She began feeling really miserable, throwing up, really thirsty all of the time. One day, after falling into a diabetic coma, she was lying in a hospital bed and the doctors were explaining that her pancreas had stopped functioning and I was no longer producing insulin. This was serious. She was zoned out. She asked herself, â€Å"Diabetes? How could that be possible? And why her? † This could happen to any of us, and we may be the unlucky victim. As college students, we live in a world where everything is convenient, from cars, to fast food, causing us to be more sedentary and unhealthy. It is easy for us to slip into a sedentary lifestyle with no or irregular physical activity. With physical inactivity among threatening our well beings, and precipitating deadly diseases as diabetes, we need a change to better our lives. Problem: According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, in 2005, there were 20. million cases of diabetes among people aged 20 years to 44 years; according to the American Diabetes Association in 2011, there were 25. 6 million cases of diabetes among people aged 20 years to 44 years. A. So what is Diabetes? a. According to American Diabetes Association, diabetes is a disorder of sugar metabolism: It is when high blood glucose level occurs. There are 3 types of diabetes. b. A. Type 1 diabetes, or juvenile diabetes, is when there is no production of insulin-a hormone that guides sugar into cells and help convert it into energy. No insulin means no control of blood sugar. Only 5 percent of all diabetes cases are type 1 and mostly occur in young adults. a. The US Department of Education: Digest of Education Statistics, states that Each fall, 2. 3 million freshmen enroll in institutes of higher education in the U. S. Of these, 7, 700 will have type 1 diabetes, based on an estimated prevalence rate of 1 of every 300. B. Type 2 is when you don’t produce enough insulin, or your insulin is not working properly. Cells have become resistant to the insulin is not very effective. . The ADA describes Type 2 as the most common form of diabetes. In adults, type 2 diabetes, a condition that can be prevented, accounts for 90–95% of all diagnosed case. C. Stress Diabetes: using medication’s especially water pills (diuretics). It can often disappear when the stress is relieved. D. A 2007-2009 national survey data from American Diabetes Association states that for people diagnosed with diabetes aged 20 ye ars or older, 12. 6% of blacks, 11. 8% of Hispanics, 8. 4% of Asian Americans, and 7. 1% of whites. E. Causes of Diabetes? 1. According to Tom and Gena Metcalf, the authors of Diabetes, there are hereditary and environmental factors involved, and lifestyle. a. For type 2 diabetes, there is stronger link to family history than type 1. If both parents have it, there is 50 % of chance of getting it. If one parent has it, the risk is almost 3 times the general population risk. b. Environmental factors are: Dr. James Warram, a lecturer in epidemiology at Harvard School of Public states that one trigger might be cold weather. 2. Also affecting is age, obesity, lack of exercise. F. The Symptoms of diabetes are many factors. 1. Type 1 and 2 diabetes people can have blurred vision, urinary tract infections, blindness, foot ulcers that leads to limb amputations. 2. Symptoms can develop suddenly (over days or weeks), or gradually (over several years). a. Jane 47 year-old is a triple amputee, have undergone operations to remove both her legs and one arm due to Type 1 diabetes. She faces the prospect of losing her remaining arm in the near future because of diabetes. Imagine not having your legs, what a depressing life that would be. Solution: A. First option, you can do nothing about it. 1. Severe consequences can occur with uncontrolled diabetes. . You can get foot ulcers, blindness, leg amputations, and even death. b. According to the National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse, in 2006, about 65,700 lower-limb amputations were performed in people with diabetes.. B. Second option is taking insulin therapy or oral medications. 1. For Type 1 diabetes, injectable insulin is used. 2. According to Doctor Diane Ell iot in Oregon health Science University, There are different types of oral drugs used to manage Type 2 diabetics: 3. Some side effects with metformin are nausea, vomiting, gas, bloating, diarrhea and loss of appetite. 4. The side effects and the cost of such medicine shows that medication might be at an expense physically and mentally to diabetics. a. It can cost a lot of money. The Website Cost Helper, what are people paying explains that for patients without health insurance, diabetes medication costs $200 to $500 or more a month for a multi-drug regimen. C. The third option, an important aspect in managing diabetes that doesn’t cost us a dime is exercise. 1. Hippocrates said â€Å"Walking is man's best medicine. † Walking is one of the easiest and least expensive ways without needing any equipment’s to stay physically fit. There are no side effects for walking. Just good results. 2. According to Linn Goldberg, doctor and author of the Healing power of exercise, walking helps the body becomes more sensitive to insulin’s action, so sugar is more easily removed from bloodstream and blood glucose levels can normalize. 3. Expert from the National institutes of Health all advise 30 minutes or more of moderate to intense walking on most days of the week. You can walk in two 15 minute segments or three 10 minute. You can take a walk on the park, or on your treadmill. a. The cost is only 30 minutes from you day, while the reward outweighs it, saving your life from complications of diabetes. Visualization: D. Here are two stories of diabetics who chose two different paths to manage their diabetes. A. Choosing to walk 30 minutes a day can help you manage diabetes and even combat other diseases. You might know Della Reese, remember her in the TV series â€Å"Touched by an Angel† is America’s best loved celebrities diagnosed with diabetes Type 2. Her activities include walking on a treadmill to manage her diabetes. Now she parks a block away and walk. She knew one thing for sure that â€Å"ignorance and fear would kill you quicker than any disease. Now she is in charge of her diabetes and still living her entertainment life. B. Not walking 30 minutes a days to control your diabetes is a big mistake: Remember Jane, the 47 year old triple amputee who has failed to understand how deadly uncontrolled diabetes was, and now faces the possibility of losing her remaining arm in the future? She says ‘Diabetes is a condition that has to be respected otherwise the implications are horrendous. † Call to Action: So I want to urge you to start walking 30 minutes today, for a better tomorrow. If you walk regularly for 30 minutes a day, it can considerably help you control your diabetes and help you be fit and feel better. After surveying the class, I gathered that most of us would want to choose exercise for preference to prevent and or manage diabetes. Just realize that each mile a sedentary person walks will add 21 minutes to their life and save society 24 cents in medical and other costs according to the Rand Corporation, a well-known California based â€Å"think tank formed to offer research and analysis. So put on some comfortable shoes, and start walking 30 minutes a day. Diabetes Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a set of related diseases in which the body cannot regulate the amount of sugar (specifically, glucose) in the blood. The blood delivers glucose to provide the body with energy to perform all of a person's daily activities. * The liver converts the food a person eats into glucose. The glucose is then released into the bloodstream. * In a healthy person, the blood glucose level is regulated by several hormones, primarliy insulin. Insulin is produced by the pancreas, a small organ between the stomach and liver.The pancreas also makes other important enzymes released directly into the gut that helps digest food. * Insulin allows glucose to move out of the blood into cells throughout the body where it is used for fuel. * People with diabetes either do not produce enough insulin (type 1 diabetes) or cannot use insulin properly (type 2 diabetes), or both (which occurs with several forms of diabetes). * In diabetes, glucose in the blood cannot move efficiently into cells, so blood glucose levels remain high.This not only starves all the cells that need the glucose for fuel, but also harms certain organs and tissues exposed to the high glucose levels. Type 1 diabetes (T1D): The body stops producing insulin or produces too little insulin to regulate blood glucose level. * Type 1 diabetes involves about 10% of all people with diabetes in the United States. * Type 1 diabetes is typically diagnosed during childhood or adolescence. It used to be referred to as juvenile-onset diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Type 1 diabetes can occur in an older individual due to destruction of the pancreas by alcohol, disease, or removal by surgery. It also results from progressive failure of the pancreatic beta cells, the only cell type that produces significant amounts of insulin. * People with type 1 diabetes require insulin treatment daily to sustain life. Type 2 diabetes (T2D): Although the pancreas still secretes insulin, the body of someone w ith type 2 diabetes is partially or completely unable to use this insulin. This is sometimes referred to as  insulin resistance.The pancreas tries to overcome this resistance by secreting more and more insulin. People with insulin resistance develop type 2 diabetes when they fail to secrete enough insulin to cope with their higher demands. * At least 90% of adult individuals with diabetes have type 2 diabetes. * Type 2 diabetes is typically diagnosed in adulthood, usually after age 45 years. It used to be called adult-onset diabetes mellitus, or non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. These names are no longer used because type 2 diabetes does occur in younger people, and some people with type 2 diabetes require insulin therapy. Type 2 diabetes is usually controlled with  diet,  weight loss,  exercise, and oral medications. However, more than half of all people with type 2 diabetes require insulin to control their blood sugar levels at some point in the course of their illn ess. Gestational diabetes (GDM)  is a form of diabetes that occurs during the second half of  pregnancy. * Although gestational diabetes typically resolves after delivery of the baby, a woman who develop gestational diabetes is more likely than other women to develop type 2 diabetes later in life. Women with gestational diabetes are more likely to have large babies. Metabolic syndrome  (also referred to as syndrome X) is a set of abnormalities in which insulin-resistant diabetes (type 2 diabetes) is almost always present along with  hypertension  (high blood pressure), high fat levels in the blood (increased serum lipids, predominant  elevation of LDL cholesterol, decreased  HDL cholesterol, and  elevated triglycerides),  central obesity, and abnormalities in blood clotting and inflammatory responses.A high rate of  cardiovascular disease  is associated with metabolic syndrome. Prediabetes  is a common condition related to diabetes. In people with prediabetes , the blood sugar level is higher than normal but not yet high enough to be considered diagnostic of diabetes. * Prediabetes increases a person's risk of developing type 2 diabetes,  heart disease, or  stroke. * Prediabetes can typically be reversed (without insulin or medication) with lifestyle changes such as losing a modest amount of weight and increasing physical activity levels.Weight loss can prevent, or at least delay, the onset of type 2 diabetes. * An international expert committee of the American Diabetes Association redefined the criteria for prediabetes, lowering the blood sugar level cut-off point for prediabetes. Approximately 20% more adults are now believed to have this condition and may develop diabetes within 10 years if they do make lifestyle changes such as exercising more and maintaining a healthy weight. About 17 million Americans (6. 2% of adults in North America) are believed to have diabetes.AIt has been estimated that about one third of adults with diab etes do not know they have diabetes. * About 1 million new cases of diabetes is diagnosed occur each year, and diabetes is the direct or indirect cause of at least 200,000 deaths each year. * The incidence of diabetes is increasing rapidly. This increase is due to many factors, but the most significant are the increasing incidence of obesity associated with the prevalence of a sedentary lifestyle. Complications of diabetes Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes ultimately lead to high blood sugar levels, a condition called  hyperglycemia.Over a long period of time, hyperglycemia damages the retina of the eye, the blood vessels of the kidneys, the nerves, and other blood vessels. * Damage to the retina from diabetes (diabetic retinopathy) is a leading cause of blindness. * Damage to the kidneys from diabetes (diabetic nephropathy) is a leading cause of  kidney failure. * Damage to the nerves from diabetes (diabetic neuropathy) is a leading cause of foot  wounds  and ulcers, which fr equently lead to  foot and leg amputations. Damage to the nerves in the autonomic nervous system can lead to paralysis of the stomach (gastroparesis),  chronic diarrhea, and an inability to control heart rate and blood pressure during postural changes. * Diabetes accelerates  atherosclerosis, (the formation of fatty plaques inside the arteries), which can lead to blockages or a clot (thrombus). Such changes can then lead to  heart attack, stroke, and decreased circulation in the arms and legs (peripheral vascular disease). * Diabetes predisposes people to elevated blood pressure, high levels of cholesterol and  triglycerides.These conditions both independently and together with hyperglycemia, increase the risk of heart disease,  kidney disease, and other blood vessel complications. Diabetes can contribute to a number of acute (short-lived) medical problems. * Many  infections  are associated with diabetes, and infections are frequently more dangerous in someone with diabetes because the body's normal ability to fight infections is impaired. To compound the problem, infections may worsen glucose control, which further delays recovery from infection. Hypoglycemia  or low blood sugar, occurs intermittently in most people with diabetes. It can result from taking too much diabetes medication or insulin (sometimes called an  insulin reaction), missing a meal, exercising more than usual, drinking too much alcohol, or taking certain medications for other conditions. It is very important to recognize hypoglycemia and be prepared to treat it at all times. Headache, feeling dizzy, poor concentration, tremor of the hands, and sweating are common symptoms of hypoglycemia. A person can faint or have a  seizure  if blood sugar level become too low. Diabetic ketoacidosis  (DKA) is a serious condition in which uncontrolled hyperglycemia (usually due to complete lack of insulin or a relative deficiency of insulin) over time creates a buildup of ketones (acidic waste products ) in the blood. High levels of ketones can be very harmful. This typically happens to people with type 1 diabetes who do not have good blood glucose control. Diabetic ketoacidosis can be precipitated by infection,  stress, trauma, missing medications like insulin, or medical emergencies such as a stroke and heart attack. Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome  is a serious condition in which the blood sugar level gets very high. The body tries to get rid of the excess blood sugar by eliminating it in the urine. This increases the amount of urine significantly, and often leads to  dehydration  so severe that it can cause seizures,  coma, and even death. This syndrome typically occurs in people with type 2 diabetes who are not controlling their blood sugar levels, who have become dehydrated, or who have stress, injury, stroke, or are taking certain medications, like  steroids. Next Page: Diabetes Causes Diabetes Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a set of related diseases in which the body cannot regulate the amount of sugar (specifically, glucose) in the blood. The blood delivers glucose to provide the body with energy to perform all of a person's daily activities. * The liver converts the food a person eats into glucose. The glucose is then released into the bloodstream. * In a healthy person, the blood glucose level is regulated by several hormones, primarliy insulin. Insulin is produced by the pancreas, a small organ between the stomach and liver.The pancreas also makes other important enzymes released directly into the gut that helps digest food. * Insulin allows glucose to move out of the blood into cells throughout the body where it is used for fuel. * People with diabetes either do not produce enough insulin (type 1 diabetes) or cannot use insulin properly (type 2 diabetes), or both (which occurs with several forms of diabetes). * In diabetes, glucose in the blood cannot move efficiently into cells, so blood glucose levels remain high.This not only starves all the cells that need the glucose for fuel, but also harms certain organs and tissues exposed to the high glucose levels. Type 1 diabetes (T1D): The body stops producing insulin or produces too little insulin to regulate blood glucose level. * Type 1 diabetes involves about 10% of all people with diabetes in the United States. * Type 1 diabetes is typically diagnosed during childhood or adolescence. It used to be referred to as juvenile-onset diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Type 1 diabetes can occur in an older individual due to destruction of the pancreas by alcohol, disease, or removal by surgery. It also results from progressive failure of the pancreatic beta cells, the only cell type that produces significant amounts of insulin. * People with type 1 diabetes require insulin treatment daily to sustain life. Type 2 diabetes (T2D): Although the pancreas still secretes insulin, the body of someone w ith type 2 diabetes is partially or completely unable to use this insulin. This is sometimes referred to as  insulin resistance.The pancreas tries to overcome this resistance by secreting more and more insulin. People with insulin resistance develop type 2 diabetes when they fail to secrete enough insulin to cope with their higher demands. * At least 90% of adult individuals with diabetes have type 2 diabetes. * Type 2 diabetes is typically diagnosed in adulthood, usually after age 45 years. It used to be called adult-onset diabetes mellitus, or non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. These names are no longer used because type 2 diabetes does occur in younger people, and some people with type 2 diabetes require insulin therapy. Type 2 diabetes is usually controlled with  diet,  weight loss,  exercise, and oral medications. However, more than half of all people with type 2 diabetes require insulin to control their blood sugar levels at some point in the course of their illn ess. Gestational diabetes (GDM)  is a form of diabetes that occurs during the second half of  pregnancy. * Although gestational diabetes typically resolves after delivery of the baby, a woman who develop gestational diabetes is more likely than other women to develop type 2 diabetes later in life. Women with gestational diabetes are more likely to have large babies. Metabolic syndrome  (also referred to as syndrome X) is a set of abnormalities in which insulin-resistant diabetes (type 2 diabetes) is almost always present along with  hypertension  (high blood pressure), high fat levels in the blood (increased serum lipids, predominant  elevation of LDL cholesterol, decreased  HDL cholesterol, and  elevated triglycerides),  central obesity, and abnormalities in blood clotting and inflammatory responses.A high rate of  cardiovascular disease  is associated with metabolic syndrome. Prediabetes  is a common condition related to diabetes. In people with prediabetes , the blood sugar level is higher than normal but not yet high enough to be considered diagnostic of diabetes. * Prediabetes increases a person's risk of developing type 2 diabetes,  heart disease, or  stroke. * Prediabetes can typically be reversed (without insulin or medication) with lifestyle changes such as losing a modest amount of weight and increasing physical activity levels.Weight loss can prevent, or at least delay, the onset of type 2 diabetes. * An international expert committee of the American Diabetes Association redefined the criteria for prediabetes, lowering the blood sugar level cut-off point for prediabetes. Approximately 20% more adults are now believed to have this condition and may develop diabetes within 10 years if they do make lifestyle changes such as exercising more and maintaining a healthy weight. About 17 million Americans (6. 2% of adults in North America) are believed to have diabetes.AIt has been estimated that about one third of adults with diab etes do not know they have diabetes. * About 1 million new cases of diabetes is diagnosed occur each year, and diabetes is the direct or indirect cause of at least 200,000 deaths each year. * The incidence of diabetes is increasing rapidly. This increase is due to many factors, but the most significant are the increasing incidence of obesity associated with the prevalence of a sedentary lifestyle. Complications of diabetes Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes ultimately lead to high blood sugar levels, a condition called  hyperglycemia.Over a long period of time, hyperglycemia damages the retina of the eye, the blood vessels of the kidneys, the nerves, and other blood vessels. * Damage to the retina from diabetes (diabetic retinopathy) is a leading cause of blindness. * Damage to the kidneys from diabetes (diabetic nephropathy) is a leading cause of  kidney failure. * Damage to the nerves from diabetes (diabetic neuropathy) is a leading cause of foot  wounds  and ulcers, which fr equently lead to  foot and leg amputations. Damage to the nerves in the autonomic nervous system can lead to paralysis of the stomach (gastroparesis),  chronic diarrhea, and an inability to control heart rate and blood pressure during postural changes. * Diabetes accelerates  atherosclerosis, (the formation of fatty plaques inside the arteries), which can lead to blockages or a clot (thrombus). Such changes can then lead to  heart attack, stroke, and decreased circulation in the arms and legs (peripheral vascular disease). * Diabetes predisposes people to elevated blood pressure, high levels of cholesterol and  triglycerides.These conditions both independently and together with hyperglycemia, increase the risk of heart disease,  kidney disease, and other blood vessel complications. Diabetes can contribute to a number of acute (short-lived) medical problems. * Many  infections  are associated with diabetes, and infections are frequently more dangerous in someone with diabetes because the body's normal ability to fight infections is impaired. To compound the problem, infections may worsen glucose control, which further delays recovery from infection. Hypoglycemia  or low blood sugar, occurs intermittently in most people with diabetes. It can result from taking too much diabetes medication or insulin (sometimes called an  insulin reaction), missing a meal, exercising more than usual, drinking too much alcohol, or taking certain medications for other conditions. It is very important to recognize hypoglycemia and be prepared to treat it at all times. Headache, feeling dizzy, poor concentration, tremor of the hands, and sweating are common symptoms of hypoglycemia. A person can faint or have a  seizure  if blood sugar level become too low. Diabetic ketoacidosis  (DKA) is a serious condition in which uncontrolled hyperglycemia (usually due to complete lack of insulin or a relative deficiency of insulin) over time creates a buildup of ketones (acidic waste products ) in the blood. High levels of ketones can be very harmful. This typically happens to people with type 1 diabetes who do not have good blood glucose control. Diabetic ketoacidosis can be precipitated by infection,  stress, trauma, missing medications like insulin, or medical emergencies such as a stroke and heart attack. Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome  is a serious condition in which the blood sugar level gets very high. The body tries to get rid of the excess blood sugar by eliminating it in the urine. This increases the amount of urine significantly, and often leads to  dehydration  so severe that it can cause seizures,  coma, and even death. This syndrome typically occurs in people with type 2 diabetes who are not controlling their blood sugar levels, who have become dehydrated, or who have stress, injury, stroke, or are taking certain medications, like  steroids. Next Page: Diabetes Causes